Perovskite Photovoltaics for Atmanirbhar Bharat: Roadmap to Sustainable Solar Independence by 2047

Abstract

India's ambition to achieve "Developed India @ 2047’ is closely tied to ensuring the provision of dependable, affordable and clean energy. As the country aims for solar self-sufficiency, the new generation of metal-halide perovskite photovoltaics (PSCs) presents a revolutionary opportunity, offering high efficiency, cost-effective processing, and potential for swift deployment. This study provides a comprehensive roadmap for utilizing perovskite solar cells within the Indian framework, covering aspects from materials science and device engineering to manufacturing, policy, sustainability, and localization. We detail the current state and trends of perovskite technology, including lab-cell efficiencies exceeding 25%, and address the challenges related to stability, scalability, lead toxicity, and module deployment. The Indian strategy is then crafted to establish domestic value chains, promote R&D, facilitate large-scale perovskite module production, integrate perovskite-silicon tandem systems, and align with national solar and manufacturing initiatives, such as Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat. We suggest milestone targets for commercial module deployment by 2030, achieving grid-parity large-scale adoption by 2035, and attaining full localization and export capability by 2047. Finally, we explore techno-economic modeling, life cycle and circular economy considerations, and policy frameworks, including subsidies, duties, R&D grants, and standardized certification. Through this, we illustrate how perovskite photovoltaics can become a cornerstone of India's renewable energy future, facilitating sustainable solar independence in developed India.

Keywords: Perovskite solar cells, metal-halide perovskite, Atmanirbhar Bharat, solar independence, tandem photovoltaics, localization, India, manufacturing roadmap, stability, circular economy.